Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' understanding and ability to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as learner-internal elements, were important. RIs from TS & ZL, for example, cited their local professor relationship as a major factor in their decision to stay clear of criticism of a strict professor (see example 2). This article reviews all local published pragmatic research on Korean up to 2020. It focuses on practical fundamental topics like: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The test for discourse completion is a common tool in pragmatic research. It has many strengths but it also has some drawbacks. The DCT is one example. It is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Additionally it is also the case that the DCT can be biased and can result in overgeneralizations. This is why it must be carefully analyzed before using it for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations the DCT is a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables relevant to politeness in two or more steps can be a benefit. This can assist researchers to study the role played by prosody in communication across different cultural contexts, a key issue in cross-cultural pragmatics. In the field of linguistics the DCT is now one of the most important instruments for analyzing learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to analyze numerous issues, like manner of speaking, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to evaluate the phonological complexity of learners speaking. A recent study utilized the DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. The participants were given various scenarios and asked to select an appropriate response from the choices provided. The researchers discovered that the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal, such as a questionnaire or video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods. DCTs can be designed with specific requirements for linguistics, such as the form and content. These criterion are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test creators. They are not always accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for more investigation into alternative methods of measuring refusal competence. In a recent study DCT responses to student requests via email were compared with the responses of an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and used more hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners' pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in DCTs, MQs, and RIs. They were also asked to consider their evaluations and refusal performance in RIs. The results showed that CLKs are more likely to resist native Korean pragmatism norms. Their decisions were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life experiences as well as their relationships. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment and teaching. The MQ data was analyzed in order to identify the participants' actual choices. The data was classified according to Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the choices were compared with their linguistic performance in DCTs to determine whether they reflected pragmatic resistance or not. The interviewees were asked to explain their decision to use pragmatic language in a specific scenario. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and Z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for either converging to L1 norms or dissociating from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. In situations 3 and 12, CLKs preferred diverging from both L1- and L2-pragmatic norms, while in Situation 14, CLKs preferred convergence to L1 norms. The RIs also revealed the CLKs were aware of their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, and then coded by two independent coders. The coding was an iterative process in which the coders discussed and read each transcript. The coding results are then evaluated against the original RI transcripts to determine if they reflected the actual behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) One of the most important questions in pragmatic research is why some learners choose to resist native-speaker pragmatic norms. ????? ??? has attempted to answer this question with several experimental tools, including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. The participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. They were then invited to an RI where they were asked to reflect and discuss their responses to each DCT situation. The results showed that CLKs on average, did not adhere to the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even though they were able to create patterns that were similar to natives. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their actions to learner-internal factors like their identities, personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life experiences. They also referred to external factors, such as relational advantages. They outlined, for instance, how their relationships with their professors allowed them to function more easily in terms of the linguistic and social standards of their university. However, the interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures and punishments that they could be subjected to if they strayed from the local social norms. They were concerned that their native counterparts might perceive them as “foreigners” and think they were ignorant. This is similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These results suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They could still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in different contexts and in particular situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. Furthermore it will assist educators to develop more effective methodologies to teach and test the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risks consultancy. Case Studies The case study method is an investigational strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. This method makes use of numerous sources of information including documents, interviews, and observations to prove its findings. This kind of research can be used to analyze unique or complex subjects that are difficult for other methods to assess. In a case study the first step is to clearly define the subject as well as the goals of the study. This will help you determine what aspects of the subject should be studied and which ones can be skipped. It is also helpful to study the literature that is relevant to the topic to gain a better knowledge of the subject and to place the case study within a wider theoretical framework. This case study was based on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its specific benchmarks for Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were extremely dependent on the influence of native models. They tended to choose wrong answers that were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference. They also had an inclination to add their own text or "garbage," to their responses, further detracting from their quality of response. Moreover, the participants of this case study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 on the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their third or second year of university and were aiming for level 6 for their next test. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and perception of the world. The interviewees were presented with two situations, each involving an imaginary interaction with their interlocutors and asked to choose one of the following strategies to use when making an inquiry. Interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and therefore refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do this.
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