Evolution Explained The most fundamental notion is that living things change with time. These changes can help the organism to survive and reproduce or become better adapted to its environment. Scientists have utilized the new science of genetics to describe how evolution functions. They have also used physical science to determine the amount of energy needed to cause these changes. Natural Selection In order for evolution to occur, organisms need to be able reproduce and pass their genetic traits on to future generations. This is the process of natural selection, often referred to as "survival of the most fittest." However the phrase "fittest" could be misleading since it implies that only the strongest or fastest organisms survive and reproduce. The most adaptable organisms are ones that can adapt to the environment they live in. Environmental conditions can change rapidly and if a population is not well adapted to the environment, it will not be able to endure, which could result in a population shrinking or even becoming extinct. The most fundamental element of evolutionary change is natural selection. This happens when desirable traits are more prevalent as time passes in a population, leading to the evolution new species. This process is driven by the heritable genetic variation of organisms that result from sexual reproduction and mutation and the competition for scarce resources. Any force in the world that favors or hinders certain characteristics can be a selective agent. These forces could be biological, like predators or physical, like temperature. As time passes populations exposed to different agents of selection can develop different from one another that they cannot breed together and are considered to be distinct species. While the concept of natural selection is simple, it is difficult to comprehend at times. Misconceptions about the process are common even among educators and scientists. Studies have found that there is a small connection between students' understanding of evolution and their acceptance of the theory. Brandon's definition of selection is restricted to differential reproduction and does not include inheritance. Havstad (2011) is one of many authors who have argued for a more expansive notion of selection, which captures Darwin's entire process. This would explain the evolution of species and adaptation. There are also cases where the proportion of a trait increases within an entire population, but not at the rate of reproduction. These instances may not be considered natural selection in the narrow sense but could still be in line with Lewontin's requirements for such a mechanism to function, for instance when parents who have a certain trait have more offspring than parents who do not have it. Genetic Variation Genetic variation is the difference in the sequences of genes of the members of a particular species. It is this variation that allows natural selection, which is one of the primary forces that drive evolution. Variation can be caused by mutations or through the normal process in the way DNA is rearranged during cell division (genetic Recombination). Different genetic variants can cause different traits, such as the color of eyes, fur type or ability to adapt to challenging conditions in the environment. If a trait is characterized by an advantage it is more likely to be passed on to the next generation. This is referred to as a selective advantage. A particular type of heritable variation is phenotypic, which allows individuals to alter their appearance and behaviour in response to environmental or stress. These changes can help them to survive in a different habitat or take advantage of an opportunity. For instance they might grow longer fur to shield themselves from cold, or change color to blend into a specific surface. These phenotypic changes do not affect the genotype, and therefore cannot be considered as contributing to evolution. Heritable variation allows for adapting to changing environments. It also allows natural selection to work by making it more likely that individuals will be replaced by those who have characteristics that are favorable for that environment. However, in some cases the rate at which a gene variant can be passed to the next generation isn't enough for natural selection to keep pace. Many harmful traits, including genetic diseases, remain in the population despite being harmful. This is mainly due to the phenomenon of reduced penetrance. This means that some people with the disease-associated gene variant don't show any symptoms or signs of the condition. Other causes include interactions between genes and the environment and non-genetic influences like lifestyle, diet and exposure to chemicals. To understand the reasons why some undesirable traits are not eliminated by natural selection, it is important to gain a better understanding of how genetic variation influences the process of evolution. Recent studies have shown that genome-wide association studies that focus on common variations do not capture the full picture of the susceptibility to disease and that a significant proportion of heritability can be explained by rare variants. Additional sequencing-based studies are needed to catalogue rare variants across all populations and assess their impact on health, including the impact of interactions between genes and environments. Environmental Changes The environment can affect species by altering their environment. The well-known story of the peppered moths demonstrates this principle--the moths with white bodies, prevalent in urban areas where coal smoke smudges tree bark were easy targets for predators while their darker-bodied counterparts prospered under these new conditions. The opposite is also true that environmental change can alter species' abilities to adapt to changes they face. Human activities are causing global environmental change and their impacts are largely irreversible. These changes impact biodiversity globally and ecosystem functions. In addition, they are presenting significant health risks to humans, especially in low income countries, because of pollution of water, air soil and food. For ??? ???? , the increased use of coal by developing nations, including India, is contributing to climate change and increasing levels of air pollution that threaten the life expectancy of humans. The world's limited natural resources are being consumed at a higher rate by the population of humanity. This increases the likelihood that many people will suffer nutritional deficiency as well as lack of access to clean drinking water. The impact of human-driven environmental changes on evolutionary outcomes is a complex matter, with microevolutionary responses to these changes likely to alter the fitness environment of an organism. These changes can also alter the relationship between a certain characteristic and its environment. Nomoto et. and. have demonstrated, for example that environmental factors, such as climate, and competition can alter the nature of a plant's phenotype and alter its selection away from its historic optimal fit. ?????????? is important to understand how these changes are shaping the microevolutionary reactions of today, and how we can use this information to predict the fates of natural populations during the Anthropocene. This is crucial, as the environmental changes caused by humans will have a direct effect on conservation efforts as well as our own health and well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to continue studying the relationship between human-driven environmental changes and evolutionary processes on an international scale. The Big Bang There are a myriad of theories regarding the universe's development and creation. None of is as well-known as the Big Bang theory. It is now a standard in science classrooms. The theory explains a wide range of observed phenomena including the number of light elements, cosmic microwave background radiation and the massive structure of the Universe. In its simplest form, the Big Bang Theory describes how the universe started 13.8 billion years ago as an incredibly hot and dense cauldron of energy that has been expanding ever since. The expansion has led to everything that exists today including the Earth and all its inhabitants. This theory is popularly supported by a variety of evidence. This includes the fact that the universe appears flat to us and the kinetic energy as well as thermal energy of the particles that comprise it; the variations in temperature in the cosmic microwave background radiation; and the proportions of heavy and light elements that are found in the Universe. Moreover the Big Bang theory also fits well with the data collected by astronomical observatories and telescopes and by particle accelerators and high-energy states. In the early years of the 20th century, the Big Bang was a minority opinion among physicists. In 1949, astronomer Fred Hoyle publicly dismissed it as "a fanciful nonsense." However, after World War II, observational data began to surface that tilted the scales in favor of the Big Bang. Arno Pennzias, Robert Wilson, and others discovered the cosmic background radiation in 1964. This omnidirectional signal is the result of a time-dependent expansion of the Universe. The discovery of the ionized radioactivity with an observable spectrum that is consistent with a blackbody, which is around 2.725 K was a major pivotal moment for the Big Bang Theory and tipped it in the direction of the rival Steady state model. The Big Bang is a central part of the popular television show, "The Big Bang Theory." In the program, Sheldon and Leonard make use of this theory to explain different phenomena and observations, including their experiment on how peanut butter and jelly become mixed together.
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