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Evolution Korea

The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still more stable than we had hoped for.

The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.

Origins

During prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy business, making iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced cedon paper making block printing art styles, and written language to Japan.

Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period, the people of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.

Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form cist graves paved with stone, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are common throughout the country.

Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that ??? ???? was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a valid Korean state.

After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.

As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be in flux. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses.


Policy and academic analysts are starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas evolution towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also highlights important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this segment. ???? ???? found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.

In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists.

The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also several books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.

A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.

Evolution in South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements imported from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music.

The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and migrants from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.

The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries allowed strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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