The Evolution Site The concept of natural selection as the foundation of evolution is the central force in modern biology. It ties together disciplines as diverse as genetics, microbiology and Palaeontology. The study of evolution may be controversial, and the misinformation that is generated can lead to confusion over its fundamentals. This Web site helps explain the most important concepts. What is Evolution? The current understanding of evolution is based on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen within populations over time. These changes are the results of natural selection. This is a process that increases the number organisms with beneficial traits, which allow them to thrive and reproduce in specific environments. They produce more offspring as a result of the beneficial traits. This can cause a genetic change that may eventually result in new species. The term "evolution" is often associated with the notion of "survival of the fittest" which means that individuals who are best adapted to a particular environment will have an advantage over those who aren't well-adapted. This is just one of many ways in which evolution can occur. Another popular way in which the term "evolution" is used to suggest that a species will invariably move from one state of being to the next one. This kind of view can be described as anagenetic, or cladogenesis. The definition of evolution in science does not support this idea. Instead the theory of evolution that is scientifically based is based on the changes that occur within populations over time and these changes are caused by genetic mutations and natural selection. Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who backed this view. Others, notably Alfred Russel Wallace, who developed the theory of macroevolution believed that this was the only way the higher forms of life could have evolved from the lower ones. A concept must be able stand against rigorous tests and evidence to be considered a theory. Evolution has stood the test of time, and has been backed by many scientific disciplines, from geology to biology, the sciences of astronomy to chemistry. In actual fact evolution is considered to be one of the fundamental tenets of science today, and it is backed by the majority of scientists across the globe. However, there are many misconceptions about the nature of the theory of evolution, specifically how it relates to religion. What is the Theory of Evolution? Evolution is an explanation in science of how living things change with time. It is based on a variety of well-established observable facts that show that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive; that individuals differ from each other in their physical characteristics (phenotype) and that various traits confer varying rates of survival and reproduction and can be passed down to the next generation. These observations are backed up by a growing amount of evidence from molecular biology, palaeontology and climatology functional geology and morphology. The theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century to explain how organisms adapt to their biological and physical environment. It is today the most supported and most widely tested theory in the field of science. Its predictions have been proved out by the evidence that, for instance more complex organisms are more likely to have less genetic mutations than simpler ones. The more successful an organism is in terms of survival and reproducing, the more likely it is to transmit its genes to future generations. Some people are against evolution because they believe it implies that there is no reason to life. Many scientists who are religious believers, like the Cambridge palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris (BioLogos, 2014) believe that evolution is compatible with faith in God and even enhanced by it. In actual fact, a significant number of highly trained evolutionary biologists, some of who are revered evangelical Christian leaders, have been involved in the creation and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of these researchers have contributed to the understanding of a wide range of phenomena, including phylogenetics and genomics and the formation and purpose of fossils. The word "theory", which is often misused refers to scientific hypotheses that have been tested and refined over a period of time. Scientists test their theories by repeating the experiment or observations that have led to them. Thus the theory of evolution theory has been repeatedly confirmed, along with the related theories of Copernican theory, atomic theory, and germ theory. What is the Process of Evolution? The process of evolution is a gradual shift in the proportions of genetically different individuals within a species over time. This change is a result of the natural selection of individuals that are better adapted to their environment. The more adapted individuals have a greater chance of survival and reproduction. As more individuals survive and reproduce their genes are more widely distributed in the population. This is sometimes referred to as "survival for the strongest." According to ???? ???? of evolution the mutations that result in genomic variation are the raw basis for evolutionary change. These mutations may occur at random or under the influence of the environment. When mutations occur randomly, the allele frequencies will vary from generation to generation. However, when an alteration is beneficial, it increases the frequency of the allele, causing it to spread through the population. As time passes, these changes in allele frequencies can result in the creation of new species. The new species will then grow and evolve into new forms. This is a process called macroevolution. The development of new species is often due to changes in the environment that make certain resources accessible or creates new environmental challenges. For example, the evolution of finches in the Galapagos Islands is a result of the availability of different food sources and the need defend themselves from predators. In a larger sense it is possible to define evolution as any change in the character of living organisms over time. The change could be subtle, like the development of new coloration or a dramatic change, such as the development of an organ. Scientists who accept evolution theory generally believe that genetic change is crucial in the process of creating evolution. They also believe that evolution is a process that happens in time, typically over a period of millions of years. However, they differ over the importance of different factors in speeding or slowing the process, including the role of environmental pressures, sexual selection, and mutation bias. Despite these differences, most scientists believe that evolution has occurred and that evidence for this is overwhelming. What evidence can be found for evolution? Since Darwin's time, scientists have collected evidence that supports Darwin's theory of evolution. This evidence is gathered from fossils that demonstrate the evolution of living organisms over time. Similarities between living and non-living organisms as well as embryology, biogeography and genetics are evidence. The evolutionary tree is the best way to prove evolution. It shows how different species are related. Homologous structures are another evidence. They have a similar structure, but they perform different functions in different species, for instance, the wing of a bird or bat. Evolution is evident in the way that different species adapt and grow to similar environments. For instance, arctic foxes and Ptarmigans wear white seasonal pelts which blend with snow and ice. This is a kind of convergent evolutionary, which suggests that the species has common ancestral ancestors. Another piece of evidence is the existence of vestige structures, which are unutilized organs that may have served a function in the distant ancestor. The human appendix for instance is a remnant of an organ that was used to digest food. These structures tend to shrink in size once they are no longer used, a process known as natural selection. Scientists have also gathered additional evidence of evolution through observation and experimentation. The evidence for evolution can be divided into six different categories: changes that can be observed at a small scale, biogeographic distributions, comparative anatomy fossil records and genetics. Each of these provides convincing evidence that evolution of life took place. While many people are misinformed about the theory of evolution, it is an established fact. It isn't simply a flimsy theory. It is a mighty collection of decades of observations and data that has been proven and tested. Scientists continue to gather and study new information to better understand the history of Earth's evolution regardless of whether people believe in the theory of evolution or not. This information will help scientists to better understand how to avoid future catastrophes on the planet, and how to use the resources of our planet. This will allow us to better meet the needs of people on this planet.
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