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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected.

The country is seeking an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.

Origins

In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as art styles and a written language and papermaking.


In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to serve in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.

By the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all people, even their children and grandchildren.

Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.

Evolution in Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves paved with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are common in the country.

Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a true Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria, and western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase, its development paradigm is in flux. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss.

Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their views to this group. A 2009 survey revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those, 41% claimed that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% claimed that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.

In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was focused on educating students and the introduction of Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.

The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.

KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.

A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to construct an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.

In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created a network of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups.

The evolution of South Korea

In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.

Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. ?? ???? facing the new regime lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also was in control of a portion of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.

His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.

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